Today is World Water Day -- An
estimated three out of four jobs that make up the global workforce are
either heavily or moderately dependent on water. This means that water
shortages and problems of access
to water and sanitation could limit economic growth and job creation in
the coming decades, according to a UN report. The 2016 edition of the
United Nations World Water Development Report,
Water and Jobs, also notes that half of the world's workers - 1.5 billion people - are employed in eight water
and natural resource - dependent industries.1
“Water and jobs are inextricably linked on various levels, whether we
look at them from an economic, environmental or social perspective. This
edition of the World Water Development Report breaks new ground by
addressing the pervasive relationship between water
and jobs to an extent not yet seen in any other report”, said the
Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova.
Launched on World Water Day, and in the context of the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the report demonstrates the key role water will play in the transition to a green economy.
“This analysis highlights the fact that water is work – it requires
workers for its safe management and at the same time it can create work
and improve conditions. If the 2030 Agenda is to be a success and we are
to build together a sustainable future, we must
ensure that work in water is decent and that the water we all rely on
is safe,” said Director-General of the ILO and Chair of UN-Water, Guy
Ryder.
Water as a driver of growth
From its extraction to its return to the environment, via numerous uses, water is a key factor in the creation of jobs.
“Estimating the relationship of water with economic growth and jobs is
particularly challenging,” the Report states, emphasising that there is a
lack of data, particularly when it comes to determining the extent to
which jobs are dependent on water. Nevertheless,
the report notes a number of studies that find correlations between
water related investments and economic growth.
Investment in small-scale projects providing access to safe water and
basic sanitation in Africa could offer an estimated economic return of
about US$28.4 billion a year, or nearly 5 % of gross domestic product
(GDP) of the continent.
Such investments also seem to have a beneficial effect on employment. In
the United States, every US$1 million invested in the country’s
traditional water supply and treatment infrastructure generates between
10 and 20 additional jobs. Meanwhile, the U.S. Department
of Commerce's Bureau of Economic Analysis found that each job created
in the local water and wastewater industry creates 3.68 indirect jobs in
the national economy.
Another study in Latin America found that investing US$1 billion in
expanding the water supply and sanitation network would directly result
in 100 000 jobs.
The transition to a greener economy, where water plays a central role,
will also lead to more jobs. The International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA) estimates that 7.7 million people were already employed in
renewable energy in 2014.
Water under pressure
Exacerbated
by the effects of climate change, there is increasing pressure on
freshwater resources. The rate of groundwater withdrawals has increased
by 1% per year since the
1980s. Between 2011 and 2050, global population is expected to increase
by 33%, from 7 to 9 billion, while food demand will rise by 70% in the
same period.
Furthermore, the 5th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) forecasts that for each degree of global warming,
approximately 7% of the global population will face an almost 20 %
decrease in renewable water resources.
This projected shortage will call for non-conventional sources of water,
such as rainwater harvesting, recycled wastewater and urban runoff. Use
of these alternative water sources will create new jobs in research and
technology development and in the implementation
of their results. Developments in forecasting techniques, in risk
assessment and the use of satellite imaging are some other potential
areas where better employment opportunities could lie.
Water and Sanitation, “Help Wanted”
Currently,
according to the report, almost 1 % of the total workforce in both
developed and developing countries currently work in the water sectors
–which includes water management,
construction and infrastructure maintenance, as well as water supply
and sanitation.
In recent decades, the number of people employed in water supply and
waste water treatment facilities has consistently decreased. The
reasons: a lack of interest from new graduates in jobs in the water
sector, lack of resources to hire and retain skilled staff,
especially in the public sector, and an ageing workforce. In the United
States alone, between 30 % and 50 % of the water utilities workforce
will reach retirement age by 2020.
Added to these challenges is the difficulty in attracting skilled
workers to live and work in rural areas and the stigma associated with
the sanitation sector as a whole. In some regions, such as West Africa,
it is particularly difficult to attract workers
to what is considered a degrading occupation.
Despite these challenges, the market for jobs in water supply and
sanitation is promising and there is significant potential for growth.
For example, in Bangladesh, Benin and Cambodia alone, nearly 20 million
people living in rural areas should gain access
to running water by 2025, which is six times the current number, and
represents a potential economic impact worth as much US$90 million.
Further, a study in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Peru and Tanzania reveals a
potential for sanitation services worth US$700 million
annually.
The need for investment into aging and inefficient infrastructure is
also a potential driver for employment in the sector. An estimated 30%
of global water withdrawals are lost through leakage. In London the rate
of loss is 25 % and in Norway 32%. In some countries,
irrigation practices are either non-existent or outdated and result in
poor agricultural productivity. In Africa for example, agriculture is
mainly rain-fed and less than 10% of its cultivated land is currently
under irrigation, holding back job creation.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Achieving
the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development will require a keen
understanding of key role of water in the world of work. Decent jobs are
directly linked to water management,
in areas such as providing water supply, infrastructure and waste
management; and water-dependent sectors, such as agriculture, fishing,
energy, industry and health. Moreover, access to improved drinking water
and sanitation facilitates job creation and a
healthy, educated and productive workforce which is the foundation for
growth.
Creating conditions that improve water productivity and favour the
transition to a green economy, training more skilled workers in order to
respond to increasing demands for labour in the water sectors are some
of the points that the Report brings to the attention
of the Governments to appropriately respond to the requirements of the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – notably number 6,
specifically dedicated to water and sanitation.